Lord
Vishnu is said to have manifested himself in various incarnations,
called Avatars, for the
destruction of evil or restoration of faith and justice in the world.
These incarnations are said to have been in the human form, in the
animal form and even in the combined human-animal form. It is believed
that out of the ten incarnations (called Dashavatar) that are popularly
believed in, nine have already been manifested while the tenth is yet
to
appear. This list is included in the Garuda Purana (1.86.10-11) and
denotes those avatars most prominent in terms of their influence on
human society.
The
majority of avatars in this list of ten are categorised as
a lila-avatars. The first four are said to have appeared in the
Satya Yuga (the first of the four Yugas or ages in the time cycle
described within Hinduism). The next three avatars appeared in the Treta
Yuga, the eighth incarnation in the Dwapara Yuga and the ninth in the
Kali Yuga. The tenth is predicted to appear at the end of the Kali Yuga
in some 427,000 years time. Also according to the Vishnu Purana and
Bhagavata Purana, the Kali-yuga will end with the apparition of
Kalki-avatara, who will defeat the wicked, liberate the virtuous, and
initiate a new Satya Yuga.
At that time, the Supreme Personality of Godhead will appear on the earth. Acting with the
power of pure spiritual goodness, He will rescue eternal religion. Lord
Viṣṇu — the Supreme Personality of Godhead, the spiritual master of all
moving and nonmoving living beings, and the Supreme Soul of all — takes
birth to protect the principles of religion and to relieve His saintly devotees from the reactions of material work. (Bhagavata Purana)
Matsya Avatar - Lord Vishnu in the form of Fish
In
the first incarnation the Lord rescued the Vedas during the apocalypse,
saving the most sacred and ancient scriptures from the demon
Sankhasura, who had stolen the same. The demon had the shape of a conch
and was hiding in the bottom of the deep ocean. The Lord vanquished the
demon and taking the form of a giant
Fish, he negotiated the turbulent apocalyptic deluge or pralaya with utmost ease. Assuming the character of a boat, the Lord in his Fish form saved the Vedas for his devotees.
In
his second incarnation the Lord assumed the form of a giant tortoise.
During the process of the new creation, His vast back was the base on
which stood the Mandara Mountain. The latter was used as the staff for
churning the milk ocean with the divine serpent Vasuki being pulled by
the gods and the demons on two sides. This yielded the nectar, the
Kamadhenu or the wish-fulfilling sacred cow, the Parijata flower and the
Airabata elephant among others. The process of churning left on the
vast back of the Lord large calluses in the shape of a wheel. The wheel
mark also indirectly alludes to the celestial wheel, which is a mark of
Vishnu-Krishna and the Sudarsana Chakra, their ayudha or weapon.
Varaha Avatar - Lord Vishnu in the form of Boar
During
the apocalyptic deluge mother earth sank to the bottom of the ocean.
The Lord emerged as tiny boar from the nasal cavity of Brahma and soon
grew in size to huge proportions. He rushed into the raging sea to
rescue Mother Earth. As he
emerged out of the sea, carrying Mother Earth at the tip of his great
tusk, he was challenged by the demon Hiranakshya. The Lord vanquished
the demon and killed him. In the Puri temple, the Varaha Avatara is one
of the Parswa Devatas, the other two being Trivikrama or Vamana and
Narasimha. Mother Goddess Earth is conceived as a spouse of Lord
Vishnu-Jagannatha. She is called Bhudevi, and a small metal image of the
Goddess is placed on the Ratna Simhasana in Srimandira along with the
principal Deities. The exquisitely beautiful visual imagery presented by
Jayadeva brings out the tender love of the divine couple.
Narsimha Avatar - Lord Vishnu in the form of Half - Man and Half - Lion
As
the fourth Avatara, the Lord vanquished Hiranyakashipu, the brother of
the demon Hiranakshya, who fought with him in his Boar incarnation.
Hiranyakashipu, the demon king was totally opposed to Hari but his young
son Prahlada, was devoted to the Lord and constantly chanted Hari Nama.
The demon king was furious that his son was devoted to his enemy and
forbade him from doing
so. His father in many ways tortured the child devotee without any
success in changing his loyalty to Hari. The demon king, who had himself
done great penance had been granted a boon that he could not be killed
by man or animal, in day or night and neither inside the house nor
outside it. He therefore considered himself invincible. Prahlada saw God
everywhere and his father challenged him by asking if he saw him in the
pillar of the palace. On Prahlada’s reply that indeed the Lord was
present there, in a fit of rage, he kicked the pillar and the Lord
taking the form of a Man-Lion, emerged from the pillar. It was the
twilight hour, neither day nor night and the Lord carrying the demon in
one sweeping movement reached the threshold of the palace. With one foot
outside and one inside the house he gored the heart of the demon with
his sharp nails and killed him at once. Prahlada and Dhruva, another
child devotee, are considered as being the greatest of bhaktas.
Narasimha
is identified with Vishnu and as a cult Deity, predates Jagannatha. The
making of the images of Srimandira was done after initially worshipping
Narasimha and a temple dedicated to him exists close to the Gundicha
temple to the east of the sacred Indradyumna tank at Srikshetra, Puri.
This is known as the Yagna Narasimha temple. Within the Srimandira, a
temple of Narasimha to the south of the Audience Hall of the main temple
stands even today, and this is older than the main temple. This temple
has numerous stone inscriptions inscribed over centuries. Some scholars
believe that this was perhaps the original temple and site where
Nilamadhava, the precursor of Lord Jagannatha, was worshipped.
Vamana Avatar - Lord Vishnu in the form of a Dwarf
Bali,
a progeny of Prahlada, was a demon
king who had terrorized the gods. He was well known for his charity and
never refused anything asked for as a gift. The Lord took the body of a
dwarf and approached Bali as a Brahmin seeking alms. When the demon king
took a vow that he will not disappoint the holy Brahmin and give him
whatever he asked for, the Lord asked for land equal to his three
footsteps. With his first step he covered heaven and with his next he
covered the whole earth. The king had no more land to offer and
proffered his own head for the Lord to cover his third footstep. The
Lord placed his foot on the head of Bali and pressed him to the nether
world and thus rid the world of the oppression of the demon king. At the
same time the Lord emancipated Bali.
There
are two variations of this theme depicted in sacred art — one showing
the Lord as a dwarf Brahmin with an umbrella and a kamandalu,
a water pot with a spout, and another showing the Lord in his normal
shape but with one of his legs raised to cover the skies. Sculptures of
the latter, known as Trivikrama, are ubiquitous in Orissan temples and
one is worshipped as one of the three principal parswa devatas in the Srimandira.
Parshurama Avatar - Lord Vishnu in the form of a Brahmin
In
his incarnation as Parasurama, the sage and priest, the Lord relieved
the agony of the earth suffering from
the excesses of the Kshatriyas, a warrior class. Parasurama means Rama
with the Parasu or battle-axe. He was the son of sage Jamdagni, a
descendant of Bhrigu, and was a great scholar and master of all the
Vedas. His wife was Renuka, who bore him five sons, including
Parasurama. Once her mind had been disturbed and excited by the sight of
a pair of Gandharvas engaged in love play. As her thoughts were
polluted, she lost her natural lustre. Jamadagni, on noticing this
became wild and in a fit of anger ordered his sons to cut off her head.
The first four sons refused to carry out this horrible command of their
father but Parasurama promptly severed her head with one stroke of his
battleaxe without the slightest hesitation. Jamadagni, pleased with his
loyalty and obedience offered him a boon and Parasurama asked for the
life of his mother to be restored and the sage granted this immediately.
Once
the king Kartavirya, visiting the hermitage of Jamadagni, took away
Kamadhenu, the sacred cow, which could
fulfill any wish. On learning this, Parasurama fought with the king and
killed him. The sons of the king took revenge by killing Jamadagni when
Parasurama was absent from the ashram. Confronted with this catastrophe,
Parasurama took a vow that he would destroy the Kshatriya race
twenty-one times from the earth. Eventually he fulfilled his vow. The
sage, although a Brahmin, is considered as one of the greatest warriors
of all times in the legendary accounts. Interestingly a few temples
dedicated to Parasurama can be found in Kerala where he is worshipped as
a cult Deity by some.
Rama Avatar - Lord Vishnu in the form of the King
Rama
is the hero of the famous epic Ramayana. He was the prince of Ayodhya,
the eldest son of King Dasaratha
and queen Kaushalya. His stepmother, Kaikeyi, wanted her son Bharata to
become the king and Rama to remain in exile in the forests for fourteen
years. She asked for this boon from Dasaratha in fulfillment of a
promise he had made to her. Lord Rama left Ayodhya along with his wife
Sita and younger brother Lakshman to keep the words of his father.
Ravana, the demon king of Lanka sent Maricha, who appeared in the forest
as a golden stag and Sita asked Rama to get her this strangely beautiful
animal. Rama reluctantly left her in the care of Lakshman and chased
the golden stag. Later the demon through his tricks pretended as if Rama
was crying for help and Sita forced Lakshman to leave her to help his
elder brother. Taking advantage of this situation, the demon appeared in
the guise of a mendicant seeking alms and cajoled Sita to step out of
the protective circle drawn to shield her. He then carried her away in
his flying chariot to Lanka. Lord Rama came to know of this from Jatayu,
an aged eagle who had fought with Ravana in the skies but was fatally
wounded by him. Rama befriended the monkey prince Sugriva and after
killing his brother Bali, took help of his monkey followers to
build a stone bridge across the seas. Eventually Ravana, the ten-headed
demon, was vanquished and Sita rescued.
Krishna Avatar - Lord Vishnu in the form of a Cowherd's Boy
Krishna
appeared in the Dwapara Yuga along with his brother Balarama.
According to the Bhagavata Purana Balarama is said to have appeared in
the Dwapara Yuga (along with Krishna) as an incarnation of Ananta
Shesha. He is also counted as an avatar of Vishnu by the majority of
Vaishnava movements and is included as the ninth Dasavatara in some
versions of the list which contain no reference to Buddha. Because of
his great Godly power, Lord Krishna is another of the most commonly
worshipped deities in the Hindu faith. He is considered to be the eighth
avatar of Lord Vishnu. He played a huge role in the Battle of
Kurukshetra and helped the Pandavas defeat the Kauravas. He is also a
significant character in the epic of Mahabharata. Shree Krishna
delivered Bhagwad Gita on battlefield of the Battle of Kurukshetra to
Arjun. He, like Lord Rama, is also known for his bravery in destroying
evil powers throughout his life. The Lord is usually depicted as playing
the flute (murali), indicating spread of the melody of love to people.
Buddha Avatar - Lord Vishnu in the Form of Buddha
Buddha
is accepted as an incarnation of Krishna-Jagannatha. Adi
Shankaracharya, who visited Puri in the early ninth century, restored
the pride of traditional Hinduism and effectively eclipsed the influence
of the Buddhists. Perhaps he was also
responsible for the eventual assimilation of the Buddhist faith in the
Hindu belief and acceptance of the Buddha as a god in the Hindu
pantheon. This is clear from the depiction of Buddha as the ninth
avatara in the sequence of avataras in the walls of the Deul in
Srimandira and in other Orissan temples and other sculptural depictions
of the ten incarnations.
Kalki Avatar - Lord Vishnu in the form of Horse
Kalki Avatar - Lord Vishnu in the form of Horse
The
Kalki Avatar is the only avatar of Vishnu that is set in the future. It
is believed that at the end of the present age (Kali Yug), there will be
a deluge when Kalki – the tenth and the last avatar of Vishnu, will
ride forth on a horse to redeem humankind and re-establish
righteousness. Riding on the back of a white horse, with a drawn sword,
he will destroy the enemies of Dharma and re-establish it in all its
glory. The name Kalki is often a metaphor
Entradas
